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Indian Polity MCQs – 3 (Salient Features Of The Indian Constitution)

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Indian Polity MCQs – 3 (Salient Features Of The Indian Constitution)

Salient features of the Indian Constitution MCQs with answers and explanations for preparation of UPSC, BPSC, UPPSC and other State PSC Examinations

Chapterwise MCQs

Short Notes

1.  Eighth Schedule recognizes which of the following languages? 

  1. English
  2. Sanskrit 
  3. Kashmiri 
  4. Hindi

Select the correct answer using the codes below :

a) 3 and 4 only

b) 1 and 2 only

c) 2, 3 and 4 only

d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Correct Answer : (c)  2, 3 and 4 only

  • Originally, the 8th schedule had 14 languages; however, after multiple amendments,  presently there are 22 languages. 
  • They Are :
    1. Assamese
    2. Bengali
    3. Bodo
    4. Dogri (Dongri)
    5. Gujarati
    6. Hindi
    7. Kannada
    8. Kashmiri
    9. Konkani
    10. Mathili (Maithili)
    11. Malayalam
    12. Manipuri
    13. Marathi
    14. Nepali
    15. Oriya
    16. Punjabi
    17. Sanskrit
    18. Santhali
    19. Sindhi
    20. Tamil
    21. Telugu
    22. Urdu
  • English is not recognized under 8th schedule, however, it is the official language of India.

2. Which of the following is not a feature of the Indian Constitution ?

(a) Written constitution

(b) Federalism

(c) Sovereignty of Parliament

(d) Judicial Review

Correct Answer :  (c) Sovereignty of Parliament

  • The Constitution of India has opted for the British Parliamentary System of Government rather than the American Presidential System of Government. 
  • Even though the Indian parliamentary system is largely based on the British pattern, there are some fundamental differences between the two. For example, the Indian Parliament is not a sovereign body like the British Parliament. Further, the Indian State has an elected head (republic) while the British State has hereditary head (monarchy).
  • Hence, Sovereignty of Parliament is not a feature of the Indian constitution.

3. Indian Constitution is :

(a) Federal

(b) Unitary

(c) Quasi-federal

(d) Presidential

Correct Answer :  (a)  Federal

  • The Indian Constitution has been variously described as ‘federal in form but, unitary in spirit’ or ‘quasi-federal’ in nature.
  • It contains all the usual features of a federation, for example:
    • Two levels of governments, 
    • Division of powers, 
    • Written Constitution, 
    • Supremacy of Constitution,
    • Rigidity of Constitution, 
    • Independent judiciary
    • Bicameralism.
  • However, the Indian Constitution also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features, for example:
    • A strong Centre, 
    • Single Constitution, 
    • Single citizenship, 
    • Single integrated judiciary, 
    • Appointment of state governor by the Centre, 
    • All-India services, 
    • Emergency provisions

4. Which one of the following is not a part of the ‘basic structure’ of the Indian Constitution ?

(a) Rule of law

(b) Secularism

(c) Right to Property

(d) Parliamentary form of government

Correct Answer :  (c)  Right to Property

  • Right to Property is not a part of the basic structure of the constitution. Right to Property is just a legal right.
  • The right to property ceased to be a fundamental right by the 44th Constitution Amendment Act, 1978. However, it continues to be a legal right under Article 300 A of the Constitution. 
  • Rule of law, Secularism, Parliamentary form of government are part of the basic structure of the constitution.

5. Indian Constitution is 

(a) Rigid

(b) Flexible

(c) Neither rigid nor flexible

(d) Partly rigid and partly flexible

Correct Answer :  (c) Neither rigid nor flexible

  • Constitutions are also classified into rigid and flexible. 
  • A rigid Constitution is one that requires a special procedure for its amendment, as for example, the American Constitution. 
  • A flexible constitution, on the other hand, is one that can be amended in the same manner as the ordinary laws are made, as for example, the British Constitution.
  • The Constitution of India is neither rigid nor flexible, but a synthesis of both.

6. Which of the following statements about the Constitution of India is/are correct?

  1. Popular sovereignty and adult franchise are the basic features of the Constitution.
  2. The Constitution, in so far as the division of powers between the Centre and the States is concerned, is rigid.
  3. The Constitution mentions direct control by the people such as referendum, initiative and recall.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(a) Only 1

(b) 1 and 2 

(c) 2 and 3

(d) None of the above

Correct Answer : (b) 1 and 2 

  • It is true that popular sovereignty and adult franchise are the basic features of the Constitution.
  • In the matter of division of powers between the Centre and the States, the Indian constitution can be considered as rigid as the division of power has been explicitly written in the constitution itself and it does not depend on the whims of the Parliament.
  • The constitution doesn’t mention direct control by the people such as referendums, initiative and recall. These are the instruments of direct democracy which is practiced in Switzerland.
  • The Indian constitution provides for an Indirect democracy.

7. Consider the following statements:

The salient features of the Indian Constitution provide for:

  1. Single citizenship for the whole of India.
  2. Strictly federal form of government.
  3. Unique blend of rigidity and flexibility.

Among the above statements:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct

(b) 1 and 2 are correct

(c) 2 and 3 are correct

(d)1 and 3 are correct

 Correct Answer :  (d) 1 and 3 are correct

  • The constitution of India establishes a Quasi-Federal system of Government which is a blend of rigidity and flexibility.
  • The constitution of India provides for single citizenship for the whole of India.

8. In the Constitution of India, the term ‘Federal’ appears in :

(a) The Preamble 

(b) Part III of the Constitution 

(c) Article 368 

(d) None of the above

Correct Answer :  (d) None of the above

  • In the Constitution of India, the term ‘Federal’ appears in the part I of the Constitution.
  • The Preamble does not mention the word ‘Federal’.
  • Part III of the constitution deals with Fundamental rights (Article 12 – 35). 
  • Article 368 provided for provision of amendments of the constitution.

9. Which of the following features of the Indian Government system are the essential features of the parliamentary Government system? 

  1. Presence of nominal and real executives
  2. Membership of the ministers in the legislature(Parliament)
  3. Separation of powers between the Union and States
  4. Independent judicial system

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 1, 2 and 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

 Correct Answer : (a) 

  • ‘Presence of nominal and real executives’ and ‘Membership of the ministers in the legislature’ are the salient features of the Parliamentary Government system.
  • Separation of powers between the Union and state government may exist under the presidential government system also as it is found in the United states of America. 
  • Independent judiciary system can exist in both Parliamentary and Presidential systems.

10. Which of the following federal principles are not found in the Indian federation ?

  1. Bifurcation of the judiciary between the Federal and State Governments
  2. Equality of representation of the states in the upper house of the Federal Legislature
  3. The Union cannot be destroyed by any state seceding from the Union at its own will
  4. Federal Government can divide the existing states or even redraw the map of the Indian Union by forming new States

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 2, 3 and 4

(c) 1 and 2

(d) 3 and 4

Correct Answer : (c) 

  •  The Indian constitution does not provide for bifurcation of the judiciary between the Union and State Governments. Rather, the Indian constitution provides for a single integrated Judiciary.
  • The Indian constitution does not provide for Equality of representation of the states in the upper house of the Federal Legislature. Instead, it provides for proportional representation in the upper house(Rajya Sabha).
  • Any state can not secede from the Indian Union at its own will.
  • The Union Government can divide the existing states or even redraw the map of the Indian Union by forming new States or merging the existing states.

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Short Notes

Vedanta philosophy | Ancient history notes

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Sub schools of vedanta philosophy

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Vedānta and It's Sub-schools

Sub schools of vedanta philosophy

Vedānta(Also known as Uttara Mimamsa)  is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy. Literal meaning of Vedānta is “end of the Vedas”. 

The Vedanta school concentrates on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads rather than the rituals and sacrifices given in Brahmanas.

Based on the different philosophical interpretations of the Vedas ( Mainly Upanishads ), Six different schools emerged under the Vedanta philosophy. The main focus of these schools was on the nature of the Brahman and its relation with Atman(Soul). 

These schools were mainly divided into three philosophical categories: non-dualism, dualism, and qualified non-dualism.

Let’s study them one by one.

Advaita :

This was the most popular school and it was propounded by Adi Sahnakar and his Guru Gaudapada.

It believes in absolute monism( Or absolute non-dualism).

It states that both the individual self (Atman) and Brahman are the same.

Brahman is the only reality, and the world, as it appears to us, is only an illusion. Brahman has no qualities or attributes and it is completely indivisible.

The teachings of this school were vehemently opposed by other Vedanta philosophies because of Its similarities with Buddhism.

Dvaita :

This school believes in absolute dualism and was propounded by Madhvacharya.

This school considers Brahman and Atman( Individual souls) as two separate entities and suggests Bhakti as the route to salvation.

Visishtadvaita:

This school believes in non-dualism with some qualifications. Hence it was also called qualified non-dualism. It was propounded by Ramanuja. 

In this school, The Brahman is conceived as a person with qualities and attributes.

Individual souls are considered as the parts of the Brahman and have their own features, just as parts of the body relate to the soul. Hence, Brahman and the individual souls are distinct but mutually inseparable entities.

Dvaitadvaita :

This school believes in monistic dualism or dualistic monism and was propounded by Nimbarka . 

This school believes that the world has souls evolved out from Brahman, and it’s continued existence depends on Brahman. Individual souls are different from Brahman as they have their own attributes and capacities that are not the same as the Brahman. 

However, due to the individual souls dependence on the Brahman, individual souls are still regarded as parts of the Brahman. 

Brahman has it’s independent existence however, individual souls can not exist independently without Brahman.

Shuddhadvaita :

This school believes in  pure non-dualism and was propounded by Vallabhacharya.

It states that both Brahman and the individual self are one and the same. 

But Opposed to Advaita philosophy, Shuddhadvaita does not regard the universe as unreal. It says that the World is the Leela of God that is Krishna and Bhakti as the only means of liberation.

Achintya Bheda Abheda: 

This school believes in inconceivable one-ness and difference. It was propounded by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. 

It emphasizes that the individual self (Jīvatman) is both different and not different from Brahman. The precise nature of the oneness and difference is inconceivable in thought and inexpressible in words.

Hence, This school takes the middle ground between absolute monism and dualism.  

With this, we conclude our study of Vedānta and It’s Sub-schools.

You can read more about the different Vedic literature here : Read Now

You can study complete ancient history in a chapterwise format here : Ancient History Chapter-wise notes

You can solve ancient history chapterwise MCQs here : Ancient History Chapter-wise MCQs

Ancient History Short Notes :

Rig Vedic Period : Most Important Points

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Vedic Period for UPSC, BPSc, UPPSC
Vedic Period for UPSC, BPSc, UPPSC

Rig Vedic Period : Most Important Points

Most important points about Rig Vedic Period

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Ancient History MCQs – 3 (Vedic Literature)

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Ancient History MCQs

Ancient History MCQs – 3 (Vedic Literature)

Vedic Literature MCQs with answers and explanations for preparation of UPSC, State PSCs and other Examinations

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1. Which among the following metals is frequently mentioned in the Vedas ?

A. Iron

B. Copper

C. Gold

D. Silver

Correct Answer – (a) Iron

  •  Iron is frequently referred to in the Vedas and due to its importance, this period is also called the iron age.
  • The adoption of Iron coincided with other changes in society, including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles.
  • The Chalcolithic age was followed by the Iron Age.

2. Who among the following was the author of books ‘The Arctic Home in the Vedas’ ?

A. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
B. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
D. Mahatma Gandhi

Correct Answer – C (Bal Gangadhar Tilak)

  • Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1903, wrote the book ‘The Arctic Home in the Vedas’ in which he argued that the Vedas could only have been composed in the Arctics, and the Aryans brought them to the south after the onset of the last ice age.
  • With this book, He proposed a new way to determine the origin of Aryans and exact time of the Vedas.

3. The Vedic literature is mainly classified into two categories – Shruti and Smriti. What is the difference between them?

1. Shruti is considered eternal whereas Smriti is subject to change.
2. Smriti philosophy stands in direct opposition to Shruti philosophy.

Which of the above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. None of the above

Correct Answer – A ( 1 Only).

  • Shruti literally means “that which has been heard” . 
  • It is the collection of  most sacred texts comprising the central canon of Hinduism eg. Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, & Upanishads. 
  • It contains unquestionable truth and is considered eternal.
  • Smriti literally means “that which is remembered”.  
  • It is an entire body of the post Vedic classical Sanskrit literature which comprises Vedanga, Shad darshana, Puranas, Itihasa, Up-Vedas and Epics.

4. The basic material/mantras of each of the Vedas is called ?

A. Puranas
B. Brahmanas
C. Aranyakas
D. Samhita

Correct Answer – D ( Samhita).

  • Samhita literally means “union/collection/combination of text or verses”.
  • Samhita refers to the most ancient layer of Vedic text comprising mantras, hymns, and prayers.

5. A whole separate Mandala in Rig-Veda is dedicated to who among the following ?

A. Agni
B. Soma
C. Varuna
D. Indra

Correct Answer – B ( Soma).

  • Soma was the intoxicating drink used in Vedic times.
  • Aryans were so much addicted to this drink, that Soma was worshiped as a deity.
  • Entire 9th Mandal of Rigveda ( which contains 114 hymns) is dedicated to this deity.
  • This mandala is also known as Soma mandala.

6. Consider the following statements:

1. Aitareya Brahmana was part of Rigveda.
2. Satapatha Brahmana was part of Atharvaveda.

Which of the above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 Only
C. Both 1 & 2
D. None of the above

Correct Answer – A ( 1 Only).

  • Aitareya Brahmana was part of Rigveda.
  • Satapatha Brahmana was part of Yajurveda. 
  • Yajurveda is the book of sacrificial prayers. It contains the rituals to be performed during Yajnas.

7. Which Veda contains the famous Gayatri Mantra ?

A. Rig Veda
B. Yajurveda
C. Sama Veda
D. Atharva Veda

Correct Answer – A ( Rig Veda ).

  • Third Mandala of Rig Veda contains the famous Gayatri Mantra which was compiled in the praise of sun god Savitri.

8. Consider the following statements about Atharva Veda :

1. It describes the early traditions of magic and cure of diseases.
2. There is no Aranyaka attached to the Atharva veda.

Select the correct code among the following :

A. 1 only
B. 2 Only
C. Both 1 & 2
D. None of the above

Correct Answer – C ( Both 1 & 2 ).

  • Atharvaveda describes the early traditions of magic and cure of diseases. It is also called the Veda of magical formulas.
  • There is no Aranyaka attached to the Atharva veda.
  • Aranyakas are a collection of Vedic literature that are considered to be a link between the Vedas and Upanishads. 
  • They are also known as forest books which contain information about birth and death cycles.

9. Consider the following statements:

1. Samkhya philosophy was Founded by Kapila.
2. Vaisheshika Philosophy was propounded by Maharishi Kanad.

Select the correct answer using the codes below :

A. 1 only
B. 2 Only
C. Both 1 & 2
D. None of the above

Correct Answer – C ( Both 1 & 2 )

  • There are six Orthodox Schools of Indian Philosophy:
    • Samkhya – Founded by Kapila
    • Yoga – Founded by Patanjali
    • Nyaya  – Founded by Gautama Muni
    • Vaisheshika  – Founded by Kanada
    • Purva Mimamsa – Founded by Jaimini
    • Vedanta(Uttara Mimamsa) – Separated into six sub-schools of Vedanta philosophy
  • Samkhya – It represents a dualistic system in which the two distinct principles of purusha (self, spirit) and Prakriti (matter) dominate. 
  • Founded by sage Kapila, Samkhya is the most ancient of six schools of Indian Philosophy. 
  • This school denies the “existence of God” and advocates that there are two realities Purusha and Prakriti.
  • Vaisheshika – Founder of this school of Philosophy was Maharishi Kanad. It propounded that all objects of the whole universe are reducible to a finite number of atoms. 
  • This school deals in detail with Matter and metaphysics.

10. Origin of Indian classical music can be traced to which veda ?

A. Rig Veda
B. Yajurveda
C. Sama Veda
D. Atharva Veda

Correct Answer – C ( Sama Veda ).

  • Sama Veda is called the book of music and chants.
  • It sets the hymns of Rigveda into rhythm. The origin of Indian classical music can be traced to Sama Veda .
  • It contains a total of 1549 hymns.

11. Which among the following are also known as Vedanta ?

A. Upanishads
B. Purana
C. Up-vedas
D. Epics

Correct Answer – A ( Upanishads ).

  • Upanishads are considered the last layer of Vedic literature therefore they are also called Vedanta. 
  • Their subject matter is Philosophical and they mainly deal with matters like Atman( soul/Self), Brahman ( Ultimate reality ), rebirth etc.
  • There are a total 108 Upanishads. Some of the important Upanishads are – Chandogya Upanishads, Brihadaranyaka Upanishads, Katha Upanishads, Mundaka Upanishads etc.
  • The latest Upnishad is Muktika Upnishad which was recorded by Dara Shikoh whereas the oldest Upnishad is Vrihadaranyaka Upnishad.

12. Which of the following Vedic deities is not mentioned in the Boghazkoi inscription?

A. Indra
B. Agni
C. Mitra
D. Varun

Correct Answer – B (Agni)   

  • The Vedic deities Agni is not mentioned in the Boghazkoi inscription. 
  • Four Vedic deities, i.e. Indra, Mitra, Varuna and Nasatya were mentioned in the Boghazkoi inscription(found in Turkey).

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Vedic Literature : Most Important Points

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Four Vedas for IAS Preparation
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Vedic Literature : Most Important Points

Most important points about Vedic Literature 

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Basic Structure of Constitution | Indian Polity notes

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Basic Structure of Constitution

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Basic Structure of Constitution

What is the Basic Structure of Constitution? 

Basic Structure of Constitution

The concept of ‘Basic Structure of Constitution’ derives its origin from the Basic Structure Doctrine given by Supreme Court of India in the landmark judgment of ‘Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala case (1973)’. 

In Kesavananda Bharati Case, the Constitutional bench of SC held that “Although Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution including Fundamental Rights, it cannot alter/ abrogate the ‘Basic structure of the Constitution’ even by a constitutional amendment.” 

It also implied that the judiciary can strike down any amendment passed by Parliament if it is in conflict with the basic structure of the Constitution. 

Although Supreme Court did not define the term ‘Basic Structure’ in 1973, it has listed many principles/provisions from time to time which are to be considered as the part of basic structure of the Constitution. 

Since 1973, following provisions have been interpreted by SC through various judgements to be the part of Basic structure of Constitution: 

  • The supremacy of the Constitution 
  • Rule of law 
  • Independence of the judiciary and Judicial review 
  • Doctrine of separation of powers 
  • Sovereign republic nature of India State 
  • Parliamentary form of government 
  • Principle of free and fair elections 
  • Core values such as federalism, secularism, democracy 
  • Balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles 
  • India to be a welfare state 

Important point to note about the Basic Structure doctrine is that the word ‘Basic Structure’ is nowhere mentioned in the constitution.  It was Justice Mudholkar who used the phrase ‘Basic structure/feature’ of the Constitution for the first time in the  Sajjan Singh case of 1965.

History/Background of Basic structure doctrine :

Doctrine of basic structure was the outcome of serious of judgments given by Supreme court to strike a balance between the Amending power of parliament(Art. 368) and Fundamental rights of Citizens.

Shankari Prasad Case (1951) – Supreme Court held that the  power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution under Article 368 also includes the power to amend Fundamental Rights. 

Golaknath case (1967) – Supreme Court reversed its earlier stance. It ruled that the Parliament cannot abridge or take away the Fundamental Rights.   A constitutional amendment act is also a law within the preview of Article 13 and hence, it would be null and void if it violates any of the Fundamental Rights. 

 24th Amendment Act (1971) – It declared that Under Article 368, the Parliament has the power to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights. 

 Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) – Supreme Court reversed its judgement in the Golak Nath case (1967) and upheld the validity of 24th Amendment Act (1971).  

 In its landmark judgement, SC ruled that Parliament has the power under Article 368 to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights however it cannot alter/destroy the ‘Basic structure of the Constitution’.   This was for the first time when Basic structure doctrine was introduced in the Indian legal arena. 

 This judgement implied that the power to amend does not empower the parliament to destroy the constitution. 

Critical Analysis of Basic structure doctrine:

Argument in favour of Basic structure doctrine:  

 Political scientists consider the concept of Basic structure acts as a safety valve against majoritarianism and authoritarianism. 

Argument in against of Basic structure doctrine: 

Many Political scientists are of the opinion that since un-elected judges can strike down a constitutional amendment which is brought by the chosen representatives of people, it is against the core democratic values. 

With this, we complete our study of Basic Structure of Constitution.

You can read complete Indian Polity Notes in Chapterwise format here – Indian Polity Notes

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Key features of Indus Valley Civilization

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The Great Bath of IVC
The Great Bath of IVC

Indus Valley Civilization

Most important features of Indus Valley Civilization

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Key features of Indus Valley Civilization

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Who are NRIs ? | Indian Polity notes

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NRI

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Who are NRIs ?

NRI

Non resident Indians(NRIs) are the Indian citizens who are temporarily living abroad. They are the integral part of vibrant Indian Diaspora.

Government of India has specified two conditions for a person to be designated as Non resident Indian(NRI). If a person satisfies either of the two conditions, He is considered as a NRI.

  • If an Indian citizen residing outside India for a total of at least 183 days in a financial year.

          OR

  • If an Indian citizen resides in India for less than 365 days during the past 4 years preceding the current year and less than 60 days in the current year.

Important points you should know about the Non resident Indians are :

  1. NRIs are the Citizen of India. They enjoy the same voting rights as normal Indian citizens.
  2. NRIs are required to pay the income tax on their Indian income like the normal resident Indians.
  3. NRIs hold an Indian Passport.
  4. If a NRI wishes to take up foreign citizenship, he/she will have to give up the Indian citizenship.

Great Scientists of India – C. V. Raman

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C. V. Raman

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

C. V. RamanChandrasekhara Venkata Raman was an Indian physicist who won Nobel Prize in Physics for his research in the field of light scattering popularly know as Raman Effect in 1930.

In 1986, the Government of India designated February 28th as National Science Day to commemorate the announcement of the discovery of the “Raman effect”.

What is Raman Effect ?

When a stream of light passes through a liquid medium, most of the light emerging from the liquid sample is the same color as the incident beam, the so called Rayleigh scattered light.

Raman Effect

However, in 1928, Raman discovered that a fraction of the light particles scattered by the liquid is of a different colour( and different wavelength, frequency). It happens because the liquid molecule either takes up energy from or gives up energy to the light particles/ photons, which are thereby scattered with decreased or increased energy and hence with lower or higher wavelength and frequency.

Subsequently, Raman was also able to prove that the blue colour of the ocean water was due to the scattering of the sunlight by water molecules.

It is to be notes here that Raman Effect is a very weak effect. Only one in a million of the scattered light particles actually exhibits the change in wavelength and frequency.

Freedom fighters of India – Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

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V D Savarkar

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar ( Veer Savarkar )

V D SavarkarVinayak Damodar Savarkar, popularly called as Veer Savarkar was born on 28 May 1883 near Nasik in Maharashtra.

He was a great freedom fighter. He was the first person who called the 1857 revolt as the first war of independence .

He founded Abhinav Bharat Society (In Pune) and Free India Society (In London).

His important literary works are ‘Joseph Mazzini- Biography and Politics‘ , ‘The Indian War of Independence‘ and ‘Hindutva: who is hindu?‘.

He served as the president of Hindu Mahasabha from 1937 to 1943. He was also an active member of India House founded by Shyamji Krishna Varma in London.

In his honour the Port Blair airport has been named as Veer Savarkar International Airport.

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